Article abstract

Journal of Agricultural and Crop Research

Research Article | Published May 2023 | Volume 11, Issue 1. pp. 9-24.

doi: https://doi.org/10.33495/jacr_v11i1.23.102

 

Mycobiota of compost, air, fruiting bodies of Pleurotus ostreatus (EM-1) and the mycotoxigenic potential of some resident Aspergillus species

 



 

 

Wiafe-Kwagyan, M.1*

Adalete, E. K1

Sossah, F.2

Odamtten, G. T1

 

Email Author

 


 

1. Department of Plant and Environmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.

2. Oil Palm Research Institute (OPRI) – CSIR, Ghana.







……....…...………..........................…………....………............…............……...........……........................................................………...……..…....……....…

Citation: Wiafe-Kwagyan M, Adalete EK, Sossah F, Odamtten GT (2023). Mycobiota of compost, air, fruiting bodies of Pleurotus ostreatus (EM-1) and the mycotoxigenic potential of some resident Aspergillus species. J. Agric. Crop Res. 11(1):9-24. doi: 10.33495/jacr_v11i1.23.102.

……....…...………..........................…………....………............…............……...........……........................................................………...……..…....……....…



 Abstract 


The commercial and cottage industry entrepreneurs in Ghana have cultivated edible mushrooms such as Pleurotus ostreatus with appreciable success. However, the presence of fungal competitors and potential pathogens in the substrate obstructs yield. Selected farms in Greater Accra (6) and Central Region (1) were sampled for baseline data on the resident mycobiota of the compost (Triplochiton scleroxylon ‘wawa’ sawdust), fruiting body and aeromycoflora of the cropping rooms using conventional serial dilution technique and the Plate Exposure method respectively. Twenty (20) fungal species belonging to eleven (11) genera Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Didymella, Fusarium, Mycelia, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Trichoderma, Verticillium and Saccharomyces were encountered in the compost. The total fungal populations in compost varied significantly and with the highest recorded by E90 Mushroom Farm (4.0 to 5.24 log10CFU/g) whereas 4E Farm (2.28 to 2.93 log10CFU/g) obtained the lowest population. Eighteen (18) fungal species from ten (10) genera were isolated from the fruiting body of P. ostreatus from the farms. The most predominant species were Aspergillus species followed by Cladosporium, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Rhizopus, Saccharomyces and Talaromyces. The total mycoflora population resident in the fruiting body of the mushroom was lowest for Immaculate Gold Enterprise (2.59 to 3.22 log10CFU/g) whereas PMC Mushroom Farm (4.71 to 5.34 log10CFU/g) ranked highest. Aeromycoflora analysis showed nineteen (19) different fungal species isolated from the seven farms. Findings from the present data indicate fungi isolates from cropping rooms were also isolated from fruiting bodies and the compost. Potential toxin-producing Aspergillus species (A. flavus, A. parasiticus, A. niger, A. alutaceus, A. fumigatus) were present in the compost, the fruiting body of P. ostreatus and aeromycoflora.

Keywords  Mycobiota   Trichoderma harzianum   fruiting body   Pleurotus ostreatus  

 aeromycoflora of cropping rooms   toxin-producing Aspergillus species 

 

 

Copyright © 2023 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article.

This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0

 

 

 
References 

Agriopoulou S, Stamatelopoulou E, Varzakas T (2020). Advances in Occurrence, Importance and Mycotoxin Control Strategies: Prevention and Detoxification in Foods. Foods, 9:37. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9020137.

Allaga H, Zhumakayev A, Buchner R, Kocsube S, Szucs A, Vagvolgyi C, Kredics L, Hatvani L (2021). Members of Trichoderma harzianum Species Complex with Mushroom Pathogenic Potential. Agronom. 11:2434. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11122434.

Altaf S, Jan SK, Ahanger SA, Basu U, Rather RA, Wani OA, Rasool F, Mushtaq, M, Yassin MT, Mostafa AAF (2022). Management of Green Mold Disease in White Button Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and Its Yield Improvement. J. Fungi. 8:554.

Amoa-Awuah WK, Madsen M, Takrama J, Olaiya A, Ban-Koffi K, Jakobsen M (2007). Quality Manual for the Production and Primary Processing of Cocoa. (CSIR-FRI/MA/AAWK/2007/001).

Ankush K, Bhajbhuje MN (2014). Comparative Studies on Indoor Aeromycoflora from Laboratories. Int. J. Life Sci. 2(4):314-324.

Balandres MAO, Karlovsky P, Cumagun CJR (2019). Mycotoxigenic Fungi and Mycotoxins in Agricultural Crop Commodities in the Philippines. A Review. Foods, 8:249. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8070249.

Barnett HL, Barry BH (1972). Illustrated genera of imperfect fungi. (3rd Ed.) Burgess Publishing Company USA. ISBN: 8087-02661.

Bartash R, Guo Y, Pope JB, Levi MH, Szymczak W, Saraiya N, Nori P (2017). Periproprosthetic Hip Joint Infection with Aspergillus terreus: A Clinical Case and a Review of Literature. Med. Mycol. Case Rep. 18:24-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/jmmcr.2017.006.

Barui N, Chandu S (2000). Aeromycoflora in the Central Milk Dairy of Culcutta, India. Aerobiologia 16:367-372.

Bbosa GS, Kitya D, Lubega A, Ogwal-Okeng J, Anokbonggo WW, Kyegombe DB (2013). Review of Biological and Health Effects of Aflatoxins on Body Organs and Body Systems. In M. Razzaghi – Abyaneh (Ed). Aflatoxins – Recent Advances and Future Prospects pp. 239-269 Intech.

Burrows GE, Tyrl RJ (2001). Toxic Plants of North America. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, pp. 1-1342.

CABI (2021). Cladosporium herbarum. Datasheet. Invasive Species Compendium. Ckan.cab.org. Modified 16th November, 2021.

Cailleux R, Diop A (1978). Rechrches Preliminaries sur la Fruitification du Pleurotus eryngii en Conditions de Culture Non-Sterile et es Incidences Pratiques. Rev. Mycol. 42:1-11.

Castle A, Speranzini D, Rghei N, Alm G, Rinker D, Bissett J (1998). Morphological and Molecular Identification of Trichoderma isolates on North American Mushroom Farms. Appl. Environ. Microbial. 64(1):133-7. doi:10.1128/AEM.64.1.133-137.1998.

Chakraborty P, Bhattacharya SG. Chanda S (2003). Aeromycoflora of an Agricultural Farm in West Bengal, India: A five-year study (1994–1999), Grana, 42(4):248-254. doi: 10.1080/00173130310016941.

Chang ST (2007). Development of the World Mushroom Industry and its roles in human health. Mushroom Biol. Biotechnol. 213:1.

Chang ST, Miles PG (2004). Mushrooms: cultivation, nutritional value, medicinal effect, and environmental impact. CRC press.

Chen C, Fu R, Wang J, Xingyue Li, Xiaojuan C, Qiang L, Lu D (2021). Genome sequence and transcriptome profiles of pathogenic fungus Paecilomyces penicillatus reveal its interactions with edible fungus Morchella importuna. Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J. 19:2606-2617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2021.04.065.

de Lamo FJ, Takken FLW, (2020). Biocontrol by Fusarium oxysporum using Endophytes-Mediated Resistance. Front Plant Sci. 11:37. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00037.

Dean R, Van Kan JAL, Pretorius ZA, Hannond – Kosack KE, Diepietro A, Spanu PD, Rudd JJ, Dickman M, Kahmann R, Ellis J, Forster GD (2012). The Top 10 Fungal Pathogens in Molecular Plant Pathology. Molecular Pathology. 13:414-430. https://doi.org/10.1111/1 3644-3703.2011.00783x.

Denil M, Perez JF (2010). Ochratoxins in Feed, a Risk for Animal and Human Health: Control Strategies. Toxins, 2: 1065-1077. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins2051065.

Dhamodharan G, Mirunalini S (2010). A Novel Medicinal Characterization of Agaricus bisporus (White Bottom Mushroom). Phomacologyonline 2:456-463.

Doyle O (1991). Trichoderma Green Mould Update. Irish Mushroom Rev. 3:13-17.

Dugan FM (2017). The Identification of Fungi: An Illustrated Introduction with Keys, Glossary and Guide to Literature https://doi.org/10.1094/9780890545041.ISBN978-0-89054-504-1.

Dziedzoave NT, Abass AB, Amoa – Awua WK, Sablah M, Adegoke GO, Brimer L (2006). Quality Manual for the Production of High-Quality Cassava Fluor (eds). IITA. ISBN 978 -131-282 – 3 Ibadan, Nigeria.

Fallon J, Reeves EP, Kavanagh K (2010). Inhibition of Neutrophil Function Following Exposure to Aspergillus fumigatus Toxin, Fumagillin. J. Med. Microbiol. 59:625-633. https://doi.org/10.1099/jm m.0.018192-0.

Fashola MO, Ajilogba FC, Aremu BR, Babalola OO (2023). Airborne fungi and mycotoxins. Aeromicrobiology. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978 -0-323-96122-6.00007-4.

Ferdousi J, Al Riyadh Z, Hossain I, Saha SR, Zakaria M (2019). Mushroom Production Benefits, Status, Challenges and Opportunities in Bangladesh: A Review. Ann. Res. Rev. Biol. 34(6):1-13. Article no. ARRB.55161 ISSN: 2347-565X, NLM ID: 101632869.

Fisher MC, Henk DA, Briggs CJ, Brownstein JS, Madoff LC, McCraw SL, Gurr SJ (2012). Emerging Fungal Threats to Animal, Plant and Ecosystem Health. Nature, 484:186-294. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10947.

Frimpong – Manso J, Obodai M, Dzomeku, M. and Aprtorgbor (2011). Influence of Rice Husk on Biological Efficiency and Nutrient Content of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. Ex. Fr) Kummer. Int. Food Res. J. 18(1):249-254.

Galenda S, Chitale R, Wangikar H, Wagh S, Dudhal A, Banker P (2020). Isolation and Identification of Aeromycoflora in Banana Field from Baramati Area District, Pune, Maharashtra, India. J. Plant Sci. Res. 7(2):198.

Gayathri L, Akbarsha MA, Ruckmari K (2020). In vitro Study on Aspects of Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Invasive Aspergillosis Caused by Gliotoxin and Fumagillin, Alone and in Combination. Sci. Rep. 10:1-20. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71367-2.

Goltapeh EM, Danesh YR, Van Griensven LJLD (2000). Studies on interaction between Trichoderma species and Agaricus bisporus mycelium. Science and Cultivation of Edible Fungi, 1:661-666.

Gregori A, Švagelj M, Pohleven J (2007). Cultivation techniques and medicinal properties of Pleurotus spp. Food Technol. Biotechnol. 45(3):238-249.

Grorni P, Leggieri MC, Magan N, Baltilani P (2012). Comparison of Temperature and Moisture Requirements for Sporulation of Aspergillus flavus Sclerotia on Natural and Artificial Substrates. Fungal Biol. 116:637-642. https://doi.org/10.1016/jfunbio.2012.03.003.

Gruceaga X, Perez-Cuesta U, Abad-Diaz de Cerio A, Gonzalez O, Alonso RM, Hernando FL, Ramirez-Garcia A, Rementaria A (2020). Fumagillin, a Mycotoxin of Aspergillus fumigatus: Biosynthesis, Biological Activities, Detection and Applications. Toxins, 12:7.

Hassane AMA, El-Shanway AA, Abo – Dahab NF, Abdeli-Hadi AM, Abdel-Rauf UM, Mwanza M (2017). Influence of Different Moisture Content and Temperature on Growth and Production of Aflatoxin B1 by Toxigenic Aspergillus flavus isolate in Wheat Flour. J. Ecol. Heath and Environ. 5(3):77-83.

Hassan AA, Abed IA, Shafeeq AF (2022). Isolation and molecular characterization of the pathogens T. harzianum and Pseudomonas tolaasii on the edible mushroom Agaricus bisporus and evaluation of some desert plant extracts for them. Tikrit J. Agric. Sci. 22(1):134-148. https://doi.org/10.25130/tjas.22.1.13

Hatvani L, Antal Z, Manczinger L, Szekeres A, Druzhinina I.S, Kubicek C.P, Nagy A, Nagy E, Vágvölgyi C, Kredics L. (2007). Green mold diseases of Agaricus and Pleurotus spp. are caused by related but phylogenetically different Trichoderma species. Phytopathol. 97:532-7.

Hatvani L (2008). Mushroom Pathogenic Trichoderma Species: Occurrence, Biodiversity, Diagnosis and Extracellular Enzyme Production. PhD Thesis. School of Biology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Hungary.

Hatvani L, Kredics L, Allaga H, Manczinger L, Vagvolgyi C, Kuti K, Geosel A (2017). First report of Trichoderma aggressivum f. aggressivum Green Mould on Agaricus bisporus in Europe. Plant Dis. 101(6):1052-1053. https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-16-1783-pdn.

Ianovici, N, Tudorica D (2009). Aeromycoflora in Outdoor Environment of Timisoara City (Romania). Not. Sci. Biol. 1(1):1-28.

Ingold CT (1971). Fungal Spores: Their Liberation and Dispersal. Clarendron Press. Oxford, U.K. Jandaik S, Guleria DS (1999). Yield loss in Agaricus bisporus due to Trichoderma sp infection. Mushroom Res, 8:43-46.

Jayal RGU, Adikaram NKB (2007). Influence of Trichoderma harzianum Metabolites on the development of Green Mould Disease on Oyster Mushroom. Cey. J. Sci. (Bioscience) 36(1):53-60.

Kertesz MA, Thai M (2018). Compost Bacteria and Fungi that Influence Growth and Development of Agaricus bisporus and other Commercial Mushrooms. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 102(4):1639-1650.

Kortei NK, Odamtten GT, Obodai M, Wiafe-Kwagyan M, Dzomeku M (2018). Comparative Bioconversion of Gamma Irradiated and Steam Sterilized “Wawa” Sawdust (Triplochiton scleroxylon L.) by Mycelia of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus Jacq. ExFr. Kummer). Int. Food Res. J. 25(3):943-950.

Kredics L, Kocsube S, Nagy L, Komon – Zelazowska M, Manczinger L, Sajben NA, Vagvolgyi C, Kubicek CP, Druzhinina IS, Hatvani L (2009). Molecular Identification of Trichoderma species Associated with Pleurotus ostreatus and Natural Substrates of Oyster Mushroom. FEMS Microbial Lett. 300(1):58-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01765.x.

Lacey J, Venette (1996). Spore Dispersal – its Role in Ecology and Disease: The British Contribution to Fungal Aerobiology. Mycol. Res. 100: 641-660.

Lasram S, Queslati S, Valero A, Marin S, Ghorbet A, Sanchis V (2010). Water Activity and Temperature Effects on Fungal Growth and Ochratoxin A production by Ochratoxigenic Aspergillus carbonarius isolated from Tunisian Grapes. J. Food Sci. 75:M89-M97.

Martins A (2017). The Numbers behind Mushroom Biodiversity. In book: Wild Plants, Mushrooms and Nuts: Functional Food Properties and Applications (Eds. Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira, Patricia Morales, Lillian Barros) John Wiley & Sons Ltd. doi: 10.1002/9781118944653. pp.15-50.

Mohammed A, Chimbekujwo I, Bristone B (2013). Identification and Control of Fungi Associated with the Post-Harvest Rot of Solenostemon rotundifolius (Poir) K. K Morton in Adamawa State of Nigeria. J. Biol. Agric. Healthcare, 3:136-140.

Mondani L, Chiusa G, Baltilani P (2021). Fungi Associated with Garlic during Cropping Season, with Focus on Fusarium proliferation and F. oxysprum. Plant Health Progress.

 Morris E, Doyle O, Clancy KJ (1995). A Profile of Trichoderma Species II Mushroom Growing Units. Mushroom Sci. 14:619-625.

Mousavi B, Hedayati MT, Hedayati N, Ilkit M, Syedmousavi S (2016). Aspergillus species in indoor environments and their possible occupational and public health hazards. Curr. Med. Mycol. 2(1):36-42. doi:10.18869/acadpub.cmm.2.1.36.

Mwai S, Muchane N (2016). Domestication of wild edible mushrooms in eastern Africa: a review of research advances and future prospects. Sci. Cultivation Edible Fungi, 19:384-388.

Noorabadi MT, Babaeizad V, Zare R, Asgari B (2020). Isolation, Molecular Identification, Molecular Identification and Mycotoxin Production of Aspergillus Species Isolated from the Rhizosphere of Sugarcane in South Iran. Toxins. 12(122):1-15. doi:10.3390/toxins12020122.

Obodai M, Odamtten GT (2013). Fungal Phenology and Attendant Changes in Agricultural Lignocelluloses Waste for Mushroom Cultivation: Status Prospects and Applications in Food Security. Unpublished data. pp 1-10.

Obodai M (1992). Comparative Studies on the Utilization of Agricultural Waste Substrate by some Mushrooms (Pleurotus and Volvariella species) MPhil. Thesis, Department of Botany (now Department of Plant and Environmental Biology), University of Ghana.

Obodai M, Apetorgbor MM (2001). An Ethnobotanical Study of Mushroom Germplasm and its Domestication in the Biosphere Reserve. CSIR Food Research Institute. Man, and the Biosphere. Final Report submitted to Environmental Protection Agency under the sponsorship of UNESCO-MAB. pp. 14-16.

Obodai M, Amoa-Awoa, Odamtten GT (2010). Physical, Chemical and Fungal Phenology Associated with the Composting of “Wawa” Sawdust (Triplochiton scleroxylem) used in the Cultivation of Oyster Mushrooms in Ghana. Intl Food Res. J. 17:229-237.

Odamtten (2018). Plant Diseases, Crop Production & Food Security in Ghana, Inaugural Lecture, Media Professional. ISSN: 9964-960-95-0. p. 120.

Odamtten GT (2005). Natural Occurrence, Economic impact and Control of Aflatoxins in Africa. WHO Expert Committee Meeting on Aflatoxins and Health, Brazaville, Republic of Congo.

Odebode A, Adekunle A, Stajich J, Adeonipekun P (2020). Airborne fungi spores’ distribution in various locations in Lagos, Nigeria. Environ. Monit. Assess. 192:1e14.

Ospina–Geraldo MD, Royse DE, Chen X, Romaine CP (1999). Molecular Phylogenetic Analyses of Biological Control Strains of Trichoderma harzainum and other Biotypes of Trichoderma spp. associated with Mushroom Green Mould. Phytopathol. 89:308-313.

Pepelnjak S, Segvic K (2003). Occurrence of Fungi in Air and on Plants in Vegetation of Different Climatic Regions of Croatia. Aerobiologia 19:11-19.

Raffa N, Keller NP (2019). A Call to Arms: Mustering Secondary Metabolites for Success and Survival of an Opportunistic Pathogen. PloS Path. 15, e1007606. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1007606.

Raman J, Kab-Yeul J, Youn-Lee O, Minji O, Ji-Hoon I, Hariprasath L, Vikineswary S (2021). Cultivation and Nutritional Value of Prominent Pleurotus spp.: An Overview. Mycobiol. 49(1):1-14.

Ragunathan R, Gurusamy R, Palaniswamy M, Swaminathan K (1996). Cultivation of Pleurotus spp. on various agro residues. Food Chem. 55(2):139-144.

Raj R, Joshi N (2016). A Comparative Study of Aeromycoflora in Traffic and Residential Areas of Haridwar City, India. Int J. Curr. Microbiol. App Sci 5(6):161-170. https://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.506.020.

Rajarathnam S, Shashirekha MN, Zakia B, Ghosh PK (1997). Renewable Lignocellullosic waste, the growth substrate for mushroom production: National strategies.

Raut JK (2019). Current Status, Challenges and Prospects of Mushroom Industry in Nepal. Int. J. Agric. Econ. 4(4): 154-160. doi: 10.11648/j.ijae.20190404.13 ISSN: 2575-3851 (Print); ISSN: 2575-3843. http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ijae.

Reyes RG, Lopez LLMA, Kumakura K, Kalaw SP, Kikukawa T, Eguchi F (2009). Coprinus comatus, a newly domesticated wild nutriceutical mushroom in the Philippines. J. Agric. Technol. 5(2):299-316.

Royse DJ (2014). A global perspective on the high five: Agaricus, Pleurotus, Lentinula, Auricularia and Flammulina. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products (ICMBMP8) 1:1-6.

Saad-Hussein A, Ibrahim KS (2021). Health Impact of Airborne Fungi. In: Handbook of Healthcare in the Arab World, pp. 1421e1435.

Samson RA, van Reenen–Hoekstra ES (1988). Introduction to Food-borne Fungi. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcutures: Delft.

Samuels G, Dodd SL, Grams W, Castlebury LA, Petrini O (2002). Trichoderma Species Associated with the Green Mould Epidemic of Commercially Grown Agaricus bisporus. Mycologia 94(1):146-171. https://doi.org/10.2307/3761854.

Sandhu DK, Sidhu MS (1980). The Fungal Succession on Decomposing Sugarcane Bagasse. Trans. Britt. Mycol. Soc. 75(2):281-286.

Sarker MAR, Sultana N, Akhter K (2021). Biological efficacy of mycoflora Isolated from mushroom substrate against pathogenic fungi. SAARC J. Agric. 19(2):73-84. doi: https://doi.org/10.3329/sja.v19i2.57672.

Seaby DA (1989). Further Observation on Trichoderma. Mushroom J. 197:147 -51.

Seaby DA (1996). Investigation of the Epidemiology of Green Mould of Mushroom Compost Caused by Trichoderma harzianum. Plant Pathol. 45:913-923.

Sharma SR, Kumar S, Sharma VP (2007). Diseases and Competitor Moulds of Mushrooms and their Management. National Research Centre for Mushroom, India Council of Agric. Res. p. 86.

Shelton BG, Kirkland KH, Flanders WD, Morris GK (2002). Profiles of airborne fungi in buildings and outdoor environments in the United States. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:1743e1753.

Siddiquee S (2018). Recent Advancement on the Role of Biologically Active Secondary Metabolites from Aspergillus. New and Future Dev. Microb. Biotechnol. Bioengin. pp. 69-94. Elsevier Publishers.

Singh P, Pande SK, Kumar K, Shukula A, Singh S (2020). Management of the Common Mould Disease of Mushroom through Chemicals and Non-Chemicals. ISSN: 2319 – 7706. Special Issue 11:1494-1501.

Upadhyaya H (2005). Variability for Drought Resistance Related Traits in the Mini Core Collection of Peanuts. Crop Science, 45:1432-1440. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2004.0389.

Upadhyaya H, Nigam SN, Thankur RP (2002). Genetic Enhancement for Resistance to Aflatoxins Contamination in Groundnuts. Aflatoxins, 2:29-36. https://oar.icrisat.org/3333/1/Genetic_enhancement_for_resi stance_ to_aflatoxin_cont amination_in_groundnut.pdf.

Vassileva M, Malusa E, Eicher – Lobermann B, Vassileva N, Haidukowski M, Epifani F, Stea G, Moretti A, Longrieco AF, Susca A (2020). Aspergillus terreus: From Soil to Industry and Back. Microorganisms. 8(11):1655. https://doi.org/103390/microorganisms8111655.

Wagacha M, Mutegi C, Christie ME, Karanja LW, Kimani J (2013). Changes in the Fungal Population and Aflatoxin Levels and Assessment of Major Aflatoxin Types in Stored Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea). J. Food Res. 2(5):10-23. https://doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v2n5p10.

Wang Y, Wang L, Liu F, Wang Q, Selvaraj JN, Xing F, Zhao Y, Liu Y (2016). Ochratoxin A Producing Fungi, Biosynthetic Pathway and Regulatory Mechanisms. Toxins. 8: 83. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins8 030083.
Arachis hypogaea). J. Food Res. 2(5):10-23. https://doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v2n5p10.

Wang Y, Wang L, Liu F, Wang Q, Selvaraj JN, Xing F, Zhao Y, Liu Y (2016). Ochratoxin A Producing Fungi, Biosynthetic Pathway and Regulatory Mechanisms. Toxins. 8: 83. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins8 030083. -7854.1021">https://doi.org/10.47485/2834-7854.1021.

Wiafe-Kwagyan M, Odamtten GT, Obodai M (2015). Possible Antibiosis Effect of the Metabolite of Three Fungal Species Resident on Rice Straw Pleurotus ostreatus EM-1 From Seven Oyster Mushroom Cultivation Farms in Ghana. J. N Food Sci. Tech. 4(1):1-12. doi: https://doi.org/10.47485/2834-7854.1021.

Wiafe-Kwagyan M, Odamtten GT, Obodai M (2015). Possible Antibiosis Effect of the Metabolite of Three Fungal Species Resident on Rice Straw and Husk Compost on the in-vitro Radial and Vegetative Growth of an WC, Bhatnagar D, Cleveland TE (2004). Aspergillus flavus Expressed Sequence Tags for Identification of Genes with Putative Roles in Aflatoxin Contamination of Crops. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 237:333-340. https://doi.org/10.111/j.1574-6968-2004.tb09715.x.